<p>The Wilson Building, also known as the Wilson Buildings, is an historic structure located in downtown Clinton, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Clinton architectural firm of John Morrell & Son designed the building in the Chicago School style. Daniel Haring was the contractor who built it from 1912 to 1914. Three other phases expanded the building&#39;s size over the years. At one time the building housed a J. C. Penney store and a Walgreens. They both pulled out of the building and downtown Clinton in the late 1990s. The upper floors of the building housed professional offices. The building was already deteriorating when the Jacobsen Group bought it in 1998, and they stabilized the structure. Rock Island, Illinois-based Rock Island Economic Growth Corp started converting the building into 34 market-rate apartments in late 2014-early 2015. The $8 million project is expected to be completed in October 2016. Concurrently with the building renovation it continues to house commercial businesses.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>At six stories and 73.18 ft, the Wilson Building is the tallest building in Clinton. The exterior is covered with white terra cotta. The building has a lively façade that is richly textured and ornamented. At the same time its lines retain their definition and appropriateness.</p><br>
<p>Clinton High School and Public Library, also known as Roosevelt School, is an historic structure located in Clinton, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Clinton architect Josiah L. Rice designed the building in the Romanesque Revival style. The building housed Clinton High School from 1889 until 1922. It also served as the Clinton Public Library until 1904. After a new high school was built, the building became the office of the superintendent and Roosevelt Elementary School and served that purpose until 1974. The Clinton Community School District used the building as its administration center until they moved out in 2013. The building has been turned into 16 apartments, 12 of which are income-restricted and four are market-rate. Community Housing Initiatives of Spencer, Iowa was responsible for the $4.8 million project that was completed in October 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The former school building is a 2½-story brick structure built on a stone foundation. Stone was also used for the window sills, string courses, arches and trim. Previous to its 2016 renovation, smaller windows with infill panels had replaced the original windows. The window openings above the roof cornice line were boarded up. All the windows in the building have been reopened to their original forms. The steel fire escape on the north wall was also a later addition. The interior featured open stairwells and wood wainscoting.</p><br>
<p>The Pago Bay Japanese pillboxes are a pair of World War II-era coastal defense pillboxes located on the shore of Pago Bay, located on the central east coast of Guam. Built out of steel-reinforced concrete mixed with coral stone, these two structures were built by Japanese defenders during their occupation of the island between 1941 and 1944. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 as Pagu Pillbox I and Pagu Pillbox II. Neither of these would have seen substantial action during the 1944 liberation of Guam, whose military activities were focused on the western, central, and northern parts of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Pillbox I</h2><br>
<p>The first pillbox is located about 120 m north of the mouth of the Pago River, and is about 1 m above the mean high tide line. It is roughly 4.0 x in size, and is partially filled with sand. Its gun port is located in the south wall, with a view over Pago Bay, and there is a window in the western wall, overlooking the river. The main entrance is on the north side, providing access to the single chamber of the interior. The roof is about 0.35 m thick, with an overhang on the south side. At the time of its National Register listings in 1991, it was partially buried and filled with sand.</p><br>
<h2>Pillbox II</h2><br>
<p>The second pillbox is located about 550 m west of Pago Point on the south side of the bay, also about 1 meter inland from the high tide line. It is a roughly hexagonal structure, with an open entrance on the west side, and gun ports facing north and northwest. The north wall is about 1 m thick, in part due to the addition of boulders on the outside. In one section of the northwest wall there are impressions of tree trunks, suggesting trees were used as part of the form for its construction or that logs were incorporated into the structure. The roof is 0.75 m thick, with two vents. The floor consists of coral and limestone rocks.</p><br>
<p>The Somerset County Courthouse is a historic county government building on Court Street in downtown Skowhegan, Maine, the county seat of Somerset County. The brick building was designed by local architect Charles F. Douglas and built in 1873, with an addition by John Calvin Stevens in 1904, and a second addition added in 1938. The building continues to serve county functions; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is located at the southeast corner of Court and High Streets, just north of Skowhegan&#39;s central business district. A modern court building, housing the local district court, stands across High Street to the north. The original 1873 portion of the building, oriented west toward Court Street, is a three-story brick structure with stone trim. It has a truncated hip roof that once sported a cupola (removed during the 1904 alterations), with a cornice that has heavy brackets. The front and sides each have slightly projecting central sections marked by corner brick pilasters, that in front topped by a gable roof. A single-story gable-roofed portico shelters the main entrance, supported by groups of chamfered granite posts. The upper two levels have windows set in tall round-arch openings.</p><br>
<p>To the rear of this main block stands a 1938 addition, two stories in height. Its entrance on the north side repeats details found in the main entrance, and the second-floor windows are also set in round-arch openings, not as elaborate as those of the original building. Brick pilasters and corbelling at the eave are also features repeated in the addition from the main block.</p><br>
<p>Somerset County was incorporated in 1809 from parts of Kennebec County, with its original county seat at Norridgewock. In 1872 the county seat was formally relocated to Skowhegan, provided that town could provide adequate space for county functions in a timely manner. Temporary space was deemed by the county commissioners to be inadequate, and a legal struggle ensued between the towns over the matter. This was resolved when former Governor of Maine Abner Coburn, a Skowhegan native and one of the states wealthiest men, offered to pay for the construction of a courthouse in his hometown. The original portion of the main block was designed by local architect Charles F. Douglas, and was completed in 1873. In 1904 the noted Portland architect John Calvin Stevens oversaw a renovation and expansion of the building, in which two bays were added to the rear, matching in style Douglas design, with a complete redesign of the interior. The building was then enlarged again in 1938.</p><br>
<p>Lake Nahwatzel is a body of freshwater located in Mason County in the U.S. state of Washington. The lake is fed by three main sources, which include two unnamed creeks and naturally occurring hot springs. The lake empties into the East Fork of the Satsop River via Outlet Creek. Lake Nahwatzel is one of the warmest lakes in western Washington due to the presence of the aforementioned hot springs. Nearby towns include Shelton and Matlock.</p><br>
<p>Lake Nahwatzel has a surface area of 269 acre and a maximum depth of 25 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Lake Nahwatzel is opened to fishing year-round and is considered to be one of the best bass-fishing lakes in western Washington during the summer months. Twice a year, once in the spring and once in the fall, the lake is stocked with rainbow trout. According to the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, April and May or late September and October are the best months for catching rainbow trout.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Nahwatzel is located in the foothills of the Olympic Mountains which are located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. The location of the lake means that the land is heavily wooded and dotted with many hills and streams.</p><br>
<h2>2008 floatplane accident</h2><br>
<p>On Thursday, July 24, 2008, a floatplane piloted by Mark Storer and his son Brian Storer experienced engine problems soon after taking off from where they had landed on the lake. The plane rose above the tree line but began to descend soon after, eventually crashing into a nearby field, killing the two men onboard. The crash sparked a three acre fire that was contained by local fire fighters within hours.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>Recently the Simpson Timber Company and their Green Diamond affiliates have begun readying to sell the undeveloped northern shoreline. The north shore of Lake Nahwatzel is currently forestland, and the sale would see new houses built on the shore over the following years. A petition was sent out in 2013 to try to get the community to purchase the property and keep it natural; however, because of a lack of support the petition in its original form failed.</p><br>
<p>The Hog Island Cranes in Trenton, New Jersey are two of twenty-eight locomotive steam gantry cranes built in 1917 by the McMyler-Interstate Company of Cleveland, Ohio for the Hog Island, Philadelphia shipyard. They aided in the American war effort in World War One, are representative of an important era of heavy lifting equipment, and played an important role in 20th century waterfront technology. The two cranes now in Trenton were sold as government surplus in 1930 to the city of Trenton for $5000, a fifth of the original cost, and were installed at the Trenton Marine Terminal in 1932.</p><br>
<p>The cranes had a 15-ton capacity and are mounted on tracks that run 1,700 ft along the Delaware River waterfront at Trenton&#39;s southern limits. They were overhauled in 1952 and stand approximately 40 ft tall. Only the substructure of the cranes is currently in place.</p><br>
<p>The Zebulon Smith House is a historic house at 55 Summer Street in Bangor, Maine. Built in 1832, it is one of the two oldest houses  in the state of Maine to be built with a Greek Revival temple front. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Smith House is set on the northwest side of Summer Street, between it and Main Street (United States Route 202), overlooking Bangors historic waterfront area. The house is a 2-1/2 story structure, with brick side walls, a matchboarded front facade, and clapboarded rear. It has a roof with the gable oriented toward the front, projecting over the front facade with four large fluted Ionic columns supporting it and an entablature. The gable end is fully pedimented, and is detailed with dentil moulding. A semi-oval fanlight window is located in the center of the recessed tympanum at the gables center. The front facade behind this temple front has pilasters at the corner and dividing its three bays, with its center entrance flanked by sidelight windows. The side walls are essentially identical, each with a pair of brick chimneys rising above.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1832 for Zebulon Smith, about whom nothing is known; it is surmised that he was a substantial businessman, given the grandeur of the house. The house is, along with the Charles Q. Clapp House (also built in 1832 in Portland), one of the first temple-fronted houses in the state.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich Mental Hospital is a heritage-listed psychiatric hospital at 3 Parker Avenue, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Works Department and built from 1933 to 1940. It is also known as Ipswich Hospital for the Insane, Sandy Gallop Asylum, and Challinor Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 December 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sandy Gallop asylum, as it was first known, was established in 1878 as a branch asylum of the Goodna asylum. It occupied a 140-acre site on the southern outskirts of Ipswich. The main building consisted of a single storey timber and masonry structure which contained three dormitories and two day rooms. The asylum received mainly chronic cases from Goodna. By the 1880s, it was accommodating more that 100 patients.</p><br>
<p>The constant growth in admissions of patients to asylums in Queensland prompted the creation of Sandy Gallop as a separate institution. From 1910 it was known as the Ipswich Hospital for the Insane. A major building program was undertaken between 1908 and 1917 at the instigation of James Hogg who was the Inspector of Hospitals for the Insane (1898-1908), and his replacement Henry Byam Ellerton (1909-1937). Buildings erected included two male wards, three female wards, hospital, administration building, laundry, recreation hall, kitchen, boiler house, and medical superintendent&#39;s residence. By 1920 the asylum was accommodating almost 450 patients.</p><br>
<p>Changes in legislation in 1938 and approaches to the treatment of mental patients saw the name of the institution change to the Ipswich Mental Hospital in 1938. The number of patients continued to grow throughout the 1940s and 1950s and overcrowding and staff shortages became major problems. Another phase of building activity occurred in the late 1950s and early 1960s but did little to alleviate the difficulties of overcrowding. By the 1960s, more than 600 patients were being accommodated in the institution.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the reorganization of mental health services in 1968, the institution was designated as a training centre for the intellectually disabled. It was renamed Challinor Centre and remodeled. In 1973 the original 1878 building was demolished and replaced by a substantially larger single storey brick complex. Other new buildings included a canteen (1978), workshops (1979) and a staff development centre (1981). Attention was given to providing recreational facilities for residents and in 1978 a sporting oval was constructed on part of the site of the former farm.</p><br>
<p>These building works and improvements were intended to forge a new identity for Challinor and make a distinction from its previous role as a lunatic asylum and mental hospital. This process also involved the demolition of buildings of the previous era where possible. Almost all evidence of farming activities including sheds and yards had been removed by the late 1970s. In 1973 Allison House (the former No 1 female ward) was demolished and a section of the nurses quarters was demolished in 1981. The former medical superintendent&#39;s residence was demolished in 1984 after being partially damaged by fire.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1970s a program of normalization and deinstutionalisation and has seen a steady decline in the numbers in the centre. Clients have been encouraged and assisted to move into community based accommodation, and plans are at hand to close the centre totally.</p><br>
<p>The Challinor Centre closed in 1998. The site then became the Ipswich campus of the University of Queensland. In 2015, the campus was transferred to the University of Southern Queensland although the University of Queensland will continue to run some courses on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Challinor Centre is a place which contains many buildings and items of significance. These include:</p><br>
<p>the old pavilions:</p><br>
<p>Blair Pavilion (1908)</p><br>
<p>Byron House (1917)</p><br>
<p>Charles Pavilion (1917)</p><br>
<p>Clair House (1917),</p><br>
<p>Dagmar House (1933)</p><br>
<p>buildings constructed as part of the administration/recreation/service area in the center of the site</p><br>
<p>the Administration Building (1914)</p><br>
<p>Bakery (1913)</p><br>
<p>Bath Houses (1913)</p><br>
<p>Boiler house and Chimney (1913 & 1946)</p><br>
<p>Former Disinfecting Room (1919)</p><br>
<p>Kitchen (1913)</p><br>
<p>Laundry (1912)</p><br>
<p>Store (1917)</p><br>
<p>Recreation Hall (1916)</p><br>
<p>the former hospital:</p><br>
<p>Grace House (1917)</p><br>
<p>features on the site including mature trees, grounds, roadways and the Reservoir(1914) located between the administration area and Byron House.</p><br>
<p>The site is accessed via Parker Avenue which runs alongside the show reserve from the Ipswich Boonah Road. The planning of the site is divided into distinct male and female areas separated by administration/recreation/service area which is sited at the end of the entrance driveway. A feature is the radial planning which facilitated development on the ridge line and allowed buildings to be positioned to provide the best views for patients. Roadways follow this radial planning.</p><br>
<p>Significant buildings are well designed and of individual architectural merit. Blair Pavilion is the largest building on the site and is in an arts and crafts style with dark brickwork and stucco walls and a high pitched roof. The Administration Building is in a neo-classical Georgian style and provides an imposing vista upon entering the site. The remaining buildings in the recreation/service area are in the arts and crafts style. Other significant buildings on the site are bungalow style brick structures, low set, allowing patients easy access to the grounds. These include Dagmar House, Byron House, Charles Pavilion, Clair House and Grace House.</p><br>
<p>The site has extensive grounds and contains many mature trees and some gardens. Some trees relate to the previous entry driveway which ran from the Boonah Ipswich Road to the original 1878 pavilion where Arthur pavilion now stands. The palm trees in front of the Administration Building were planted shortly after that building&#39;s construction. The circular garden developed at the same time exists in form but the planting has been replaced. The site also contains remnants of the sunken fence in front of Blair pavilion and end wall of a sunken fences in the old Female division which is now part of a carport.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Challinor Centre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 December 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Challinor Centre is significant as the most complete example of an asylum in Queensland based on the principles of "moral treatment", which heavily influenced the design of most asylums in the 19th and early 20th century. The principles of "moral treatment" stressed the importance of providing a pleasant environment for patients, and are evident at Challinor in the extensive vistas, the well designed buildings, the distinct areas of male and female patients, the sunken fences, the gardens and mature trees, water supply, ventilation systems, and provision of employment, and recreation areas. Challinor Centre is also significant for its pivotal role in the development of services for intellectually disabled in Queensland. Throughout the 19th century and well into the 20th century, little consideration was given to the needs of the intellectually disabled in Queensland asylums. They were simply regarded as belonging to the class of insane. A growing awareness of the special needs of the intellectually disabled in Queensland resulted in the construction of the first facilities for children at Challinor in 1933. This building, later known as Dagmar House accommodated children with severe intellectual and physical disabilities. From the mid 1930s, Challinor began to cater more and more for these children.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Similar radial planning was used at Claremont Hospital in Western Australia, but the Challinor site is unique in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>At Challinor the extensive grounds and views from the site are one of the most striking aspects and are of significance in demonstrating the principles of "moral treatment". The buildings were sited to take advantage of the vistas and the sunken fences were constructed to maximise the views from the building and give patients a sense of freedom. The south-eastern section of the golf course is significant as an open space over which there are extensive views to the south and south-east. Moral treatment also emphasised the value of useful employment and recreation and the Challinor site is significant in demonstrating this. Although only remnants of farming activities remain, the laundry, kitchen and other workrooms survive as evidence of the patients activities. Evidence of recreational activities also survive. The recreation hall survives remarkably intact. A tennis court was constructed on the open area to the south of Blair Pavilion. The present golf course was constructed during the 1920s principally for the staff but it was also intended for use by the patients. Although the Challinor site is significant as a group of buildings and features, Blair Pavilion, along with its grounds, is of special significance as an exceptionally intact example of a building based on the philosophy of "moral treatment". No other building within the network of Queensland asylums more successfully demonstrates the principal aspects of moral treatment&#39;: the combination of large dormitories and single cells illustrates the separation of patients according to type of insanity; the design of the building, the sunken fences and the impressive vistas in all directions shows the importance attached to pleasant surrounds; the sophisticated ventilation system and large windows highlights the importance given to lighting and fresh air; and the remnants of the exercise yards and tennis court reveal the importance given to exercise and recreation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Challinor Centre is significant for the architectural qualities of the buildings, in particular those erected in the period 1908-16. They included the administration building, recreation hall, service buildings, Blair Pavilion, Grace House, Byron and Clair Houses, and Charles Pavilion. The architectural branch of the Department of Public Works was responsible for the design of these buildings. The period between 1900 and 1915 was arguably the golden era of the branch in terms of the quality of its work. Many of the finest public buildings in Queensland were designed in this period and included courthouses, police stations, customs houses, public offices, and asylum buildings. The buildings at Challinor are significant examples of the work produced by the Works Department.</p><br>
<p>Of particular architectural significance are Blair Pavilion and the administration building. Blair Pavilion is an extremely good example of the federation Arts and Crafts style. It has typical features of the style including dark brickwork, with roughcast upper walls. The external aspects of the ventilation system have been skilfully incorporated into the roof design in the form of large fleches. The administration building was designed by A S Hook, a young English architect, who after a brief period of employment with the Queensland Department of Works, had a successful and important architectural career in New South Wales. The building and its circular driveway, is an imposing entrance to the asylum. It is the front piece of the administration and service buildings. The Georgian style of the building was a speciality of the government architects office in Queensland. This building is one of the finest examples of this style in Queensland and one of the earliest. Challinor Centre is significant for its landmark qualities within the Ipswich townscape. Challinor centre occupies one of the highest ridges in Ipswich and is a landmark within Ipswich. While the showgrounds and vegetation conceals the Centre from immediate view, it is readily recognisable from more distant vantage points. From the southern side of Denmark Hill, the Centre is prominent on the southern skyline. Similarly the Challinor buildings, particularly the chimney, dominate the skyline eastwards from Lobb Street. Approaching Ipswich from the south along the Warwick Road, Blair Pavilion is prominent on the horizon. These vistas are given prominence by the openness of the site due to the minimal development of most of site and the open landscape of the golf course. This contributes to the institutional nature of the site and its landmark qualities.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The principles of "moral treatment" also influenced the design and planning of Wolston Park and Toowoomba asylums. However, at neither place were the principles of moral therapy as thoroughly applied or as clearly articulated as at Challinor. The site of Wolston Park was not chosen for its views but for its convenience, situated on the Brisbane River halfway between Ipswich and Brisbane. The development of Wolston Park has been haphazard. A constant shortage of funds prevented any systematic planning and major flooding in 1893 disrupted plans that had been made. Toowoomba asylum was based on the pavilion plan but the wards faced each other rather than outwards to allow for views. At Challinor, Blair Pavilion (1907) and the No 1 female ward (1908), were dramatically different. Both buildings and the layout of their features, such as sunken fences were located on a radial grid which ran around the ridge of the site in an arc. The buildings were orientated on top of the ridge looking out at the surrounding countryside. The combination of planning and site allowed the principles of "moral treatment" to be fully exploited in the physical configuration of the buildings and their grounds, and formed the basis of all future development on the site until 1940.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Roman Catholic Church is a heritage-listed church precinct at Mary Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1874 to 1970s. It is also known as the former St Brigids Convent. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first presbytery, a timber cottage, was built in 1860, but by the 1870s was in extremely poor condition. The congregation of St Marys and the parish priest at the time, Father Andrew Horan, agreed to build a more substantial building. The present presbytery, built in 1876, was designed by the Italian architect Andrea Stombuco who had moved to Brisbane in 1875. This structure is the oldest building in the St Marys Precinct. The Neo-Classical style building was built of stone and plastered inside and out with Portland cement.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Presbytery is a two storeyed stone building constructed in the manner of an Italian villa, to the design of the architect Andrea Stombuco. It is rectangular in plan with a stair hall leading to four rooms at each level.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Roman Catholic Church Precinct was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>This extensive precinct was established in the late 1850s as the central site of the Roman Catholic Church in Ipswich. Development of St Mary&#39;s Catholic Church Complex reflects the principal phases of development and growth in Ipswich, particularly during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The complex is a good and substantially intact example of a nineteenth and early twentieth century Roman Catholic Complex with a prominent church, presbytery, parish hall, school buildings and convent. The prominence of the site and architectural quality of the buildings make this a particularly good example of an ecclesiastical precinct in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Marys Complex is a landmark in Ipswich and has, for this reason, considerable aesthetic and social value. The site has a number of significant buildings and elements which, individually, have aesthetic and architectural value. St Marys Church is a good and substantial example of early twentieth century Gothic Revival churches. The presbytery is a fine example of building designed in the Italian villa style, appropriate to the sub tropical climate of Brisbane. Further this building is important as a good example of the work of the renowned Catholic architect, Andrea Giovanni Stombuco. The school buildings, parish hall and convent are also fine buildings of considerable architectural merit.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Marys Catholic Church is significant for its association with Father Andrew Horan, Parish Priest of St Marys from 1872-1924. Father Horan supervised construction of the church and is buried and commemorated inside the church.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Marys Catholic Church is significant for its association with Father Andrew Horan, Parish Priest of St Marys from 1872-1924. Father Horan supervised construction of the church and is buried and commemorated inside the church.</p><br>
<p>St Stephen&#39;s Church & Hall is a heritage-listed Presbyterian churchyard at 22 Limestone Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Joseph Backhouse and built from 1865 to 1978. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Stephens Presbyterian Church stands as the second church to be constructed on the current site in 1864 - 1865. This striking gothic style brick church was designed by architect Joseph Backhouse and continues to be the place of worship for one the oldest congregations in Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The first Presbyterian church service held in Ipswich was by Dr. John Dunmore Lang in December 1844. On 19 October 1851 the Reverend Walter Ross McLeod, of the United Presbyterian Church of South Brisbane, preached to a congregation of 150 people, the largest of any church congregation to that date in Ipswich. Following the induction of the Rev. William Lambie Nelson as minister for Ipswich on 30 August 1853, the congregation began to work towards a permanent worship place for the "Scots Church of Ipswich". By early November 1855 a church, 40 feet by 26 feet and with a square tower, had been completed according to the plans and specifications drawn out by Mr John Petrie.</p><br>
<p>The official grant of the land on which the church stood, at the corner of Limestone and Gordon Streets, was not made by the New South Wales Government until 30 December 1858. On 22 February 1859 there were two further grants of adjacent land, for a school house and manse, bringing the total to one acre. (The separation of Queensland as an independent colony did not occur until December 1859.)</p><br>
<p>Prominent members of the Established Church of Scotland at that time were Arthur Macalister, later Premier of Queensland, John Pettigrew, William Hendren, William Craies and Hugh Nelson (later Sir Hugh). The church took on the name of St Stephens in 1862. This early church proved to have faulty foundations, and had to be replaced.</p><br>
<p>The present St Stephen&#39;s church was erected during the time of the Reverend Samuel Wilson, who arrived in 1863, also the year that the twelve independent Presbyterian Church of Scotland congregations united into the one Presbyterian Church of Queensland, with the Rev. Wilson being appointed the first moderator of the united church.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone for the new church was laid by the Hon Arthur Macalister in August 1865. The architect for the new building was Joseph Backhouse, brother of Benjamin Backhouse who designed Ipswich Grammar School. It has been suggested that Joseph Backhouse only supervised the construction of the church under designs made by his brother Benjamin, however this not substantiated. Joseph Backhouse was an architect in Ipswich in 1864-65, and was the town surveyor for the Ipswich Municipal Council in 1865-67. Contractors were Farley, Renny and McHugh.</p><br>
<p>In 1911-12 the church was virtually rebuilt owing to foundation problems which meant that the walls had to be replaced. The steeple and sessions house were retained in original condition, the roof raised, and two porticos were added at that time. The architect was George Brockwell Gill, and the contractor John Whitehead. The foundations still had problems, and in 1958 the church underpinnings were shored up by planting six metre pyramids of concrete under the building. The transepts were included at that time. However, the sessions house was not underpinned in 1958. In 1978 the sessions house was dismantled brick by brick and a new sessions house, incorporating a kitchen and new offices, was erected in the same place adjacent to, but not structurally adjoining, the existing building. A number of the stained glass windows depict the development of the Presbyterian Church and one came from the original St Andrew&#39;s Church in Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone for the church manse was laid on 12 August 1879, and the building opened in January 1880. The manse was located to the east of the church and it was recently relocated to an acreage property at Anstead. The church still owns the land where the manse had stood and a modern shop building now stands on the land with the rear of the building being used as a worship centre.</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the erection of a Sabbath School, or Hall, were called for in 1888 on an allotment of land south of the church granted by James Ivory. The Sabbath School was constructed by builders Robert Wilson & Co for £751 10s 6d and was opened in 1889.</p><br>
<p>The Women&#39;s Guild planted cypress trees at the front entry to the church in May 1941 in memory of their late president, Alice Kirke. A lych gate was erected on the north-eastern alignment in 1958 as a war memorial. In 1977, when several Protestant churches united, St. Stephens was one of the congregations which continued as a Presbyterian Church, and its present parish, which extends from Gatton to Goodna, is essentially the original parish of 140 years ago.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the church changed its name to Central Presbyterian Church, Ipswich.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The churchs western spire makes it a landmark within the citys townscape and the most dominant element of its immediate streetscape. The spires presence is further accented by it being painted cream, while the remainder of the structure, including the sympathetic addition of a sessions house at the eastern end, is dark brick. The building has a Latin cross plan, and a corrugated iron roof, with ventilation to its ridges. Its detailing, in keeping with the tall spire, is derived from the Gothic style. Its windows and door openings have pointed heads. Detailing to the spire includes: recessed pointed head arches, accented by tracery; voussoirs, alternately projecting; and elaborate moulding. A lighter coloured brick articulates the pointed heads of the churchs other window and door openings.</p><br>
<p>Internally the church still contains most of its original fittings and furnishings including timber bench pews and decorative timber entrance screen. An original gallery overlooks the main floor of the church at the western end of the building and has access to the bell tower in the steeple.</p><br>
<p>An operational pipe organ sits in a pit on the southern side of the altar platform with the pipes and other mechanisms stored in the upper level of the southern transept. There is a chancellery situated in the northern transept.</p><br>
<p>A false rear wall has been constructed dividing the main church from the sessions house by a narrow hallway. The church and the sessions display several large cracks in the brick work due to shifting foundations and the floor in the sessions house is a "floating floor" which is sinking.</p><br>
<p>The timber hall, separated from the church by a carpark, has a cross- shaped plan, and a gabled portico entry with double access stairs. The hall has a corrugated iron roof with large decorative ventilators, and tall bargeboards. Fine timber-work is used within the upper panel of each tall, narrow window to suggest the tracery of a pointed head arch. Although the hall is built of timber, its detailing is consistent with the Gothic references made in the adjacent church most evident on the gabled front entrance and the timber valances which encircle the building.</p><br>
<p>Internally the hall still displays its original design clearly with a platform stage at the eastern end of the building looking out over a simple rectangular hall with a curved timber ceiling. An extension has been added at the rear of the building which include the church offices on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>The lych gate, included in this precinct is at the corner of Gordon and Limestone Streets. It has a brick base and a tiled, gable ended roof.</p><br>
<p>The plantings include two tall thin pines, mimicking the spire. The squat cypress tree plantings appropriately allow the built structure to dominate the site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Stephen&#39;s Church & Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Stephens Presbyterian Church and Hall are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history as the buildings are a manifestation of the establishment of the Presbyterian Church in Queensland and the substantial and striking design of the buildings are a reflection of the importance of the Church in nineteenth century communities.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of St Stephens Presbyterian Church contain a lych gate on the north-eastern corner constructed in 1958 as a war memorial, an uncommon type of war memorial in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Stephens Church is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a nineteenth century gothic style brick church including the steeple and the pointed arched window and door frames.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Church has high aesthetic significance as a city landmark which has an important townscape contribution. The hall is also aesthetically significant for its fine timber detailing and together the church and hall create a cohesive composition of religious buildings dominating the corner of Limestone and Thorn Streets.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Stephens Church and Hall have a strong and special association with its congregation, one of the oldest congregations in Ipswich, as a place of worship and gathering since the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church has special association with architect Joseph Backhouse (brother of Benjamin Backhouse) as his major work in Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>Penrhyn is a heritage-listed detached house at 103 Limestone Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built by John Farrelly. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Penrhyn is a rendered brick house on two levels, built in 1879 by builder/architect John Farrelly.</p><br>
<p>Born in Ireland in 1831, Farrelly came to Australia in 1861 and settled in Ipswich where he worked first as a builder and later as an architect. He was a prominent member of St Marys congregation and a supporter of Irish institutions such as St Patricks Day celebrations.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, John Farrelly bought four blocks of land in Limestone Street and progressively built four brick houses on them, now Nos 109, 107, 105 and 103. No 103, now named "Penrhyn", was built in 1879 and was initially rented. Farrelly occupied it himself with his wife Susan from about 1884.</p><br>
<p>The house design makes it appear earlier than its actual date of construction and it is probably built partly from demolition materials. Farrelly is recorded as having used recycled materials on several other occasions including the music block at St Mary&#39;s and Knockmoyra in Darling Street. The bricks in No 103 appear very old and the concave curve of the verandah roof is more typical of an earlier style.</p><br>
<p>The house is built into the hillside on Denmark Hill and from an early date, there were problems with the level of Limestone Street. In January 1881, Farrelly complained to Council about "the filling-up of the roadway near his property." This process has continued and the front verandah, now enclosed, is below footpath level.</p><br>
<p>Farrelly died in this house in 1904 and the Limestone Street property passed to his widow Susan until her death in 1908. The four houses plus a cottage in Waghorn St (since demolished) were auctioned in late 1908 to settle the estate and No 103 was bought by the Watson family several months later. Later owners include the O&#39;Keefes, Parcells and Macadams. It has been used as a rental property for many years and during this time, the verandahs were progressively enclosed.</p><br>
<p>Conservation work was carried out in the early 1990s. At this time, it was converted into a professional office and a small extension was built on the western side to allow kitchen and bathroom facilities to be relocated from the northern verandah.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The residence Penrhyn is a small two-storey load-bearing brick house with the external brickwork now covered in ruled render. Because of the steep slope of the land, the house appears single storey along its street frontages but there is access to a lower floor from the northern side. The house has a hipped and slated main roof and a concave curved corrugated galvanised iron verandah roof on four sides.</p><br>
<p>There are open verandahs on the north and east and an enclosed rear verandah extended to the west. The verandah to the south is enclosed with a rendered wall pierced with a row of louvred windows. Timber lattice covers these windows on the exterior. The southern and eastern verandahs abut the footpath.</p><br>
<p>The verandah balustrade on the upper level is of a simple square baluster design and the timber verandah posts terminate with a decorative capital immediately beneath the head beam. The lower level verandah is paved in sandstone blocks.</p><br>
<p>The four main rooms at the upper level have pressed metal ceilings, three of which are vaulted to obtain additional height. The walls are plastered and floors are timber. Most of the original multi-paned colonial sash windows have survived. Below the windows on the exterior is a rectangular recess, a typical Farrelly detail.</p><br>
<p>There are two cast-iron grate fireplaces on the upper level and an open fireplace at lower ground level.</p><br>
<p>The lower level has two rooms, each with a pair of tall, narrow multipaned casement windows. The larger room has a pair of panelled doors opening to the north. Behind these rooms is an undercroft area containing a large cement bath.</p><br>
<p>The small western extension has a pitched and gabled roof and is clad in grooved plywood. It contains a bathroom and an office room. It has colonial sash multi-paned windows and a small rear staircase and entry.</p><br>
<p>The cottage sits on a combination of brick and stone foundation walls. One of the main internal brick walls of the cottage is supported clear of the ground on a timber log bearer.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Penrhyn was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1879, the residence Penrhyn is a rare example of a slate-roofed brick cottage with a concave corrugated galvanised iron verandah roof and it is one of a rare group of four adjacent houses of the period by the same builder/architect.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is part of a larger precinct of historic houses grouped around Baines Park and, with its prominent corner position, contributes significantly to the streetscape and exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with builder/architect John Farrelly as his own home and in some of its detailing, is a typical example of his work.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Hall is a heritage-listed detached house at 84 Limestone Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Mary Tregear Hostel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Liberty Hall is a two-storey rendered brick house with a cellar, built between 1857 and 1860 for Chief Constable Edward Quinn. The property was sold to James Sloane in 1877, then passed to his widow in 1887.</p><br>
<p>The house then appears to have been rented by blacksmith Hugh Campbell. Hugh&#39;s father, Donald Campbell, had been the first free settler in Ipswich after George Thorn (senior), arriving with his family in 1842 and carrying on his trade as a blacksmith. The firm reputedly shod the horses for Ludwig Leichhardt when he passed through Ipswich on an exploring expedition.</p><br>
<p>Hugh Campbell also worked as a blacksmith and took over the business after his father died in 1857. The family home and business was at that time on the corner of East and Limestone streets, Ipswich. When the Ipswich & West Moreton Building Society building was built on the site in 1887, the Campbells re-established further up Limestone street. Hugh Campbell was well known in the Ipswich community, acting as Clerk of the Course on every raceday. It has been said that the building was called Liberty Hall because of his generous hospitality, but this may have been a local saying rather than a formal name, as the term was in general use at that time.</p><br>
<p>The house was bought by Hughs three sons under nomination of trustees in 1910. The smithy closed down in 1916 and Hugh died in 1917 but the house remained in the family until 1942. The Queensland Country Womens Association bought the property in 1942. The house was used as a girls hostel and a fibro and timber army building was moved to the site as a meeting hall. They named the property the Mary Tregear Hostel after the first president of the Ipswich branch of the Country Womens Association.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, the land was subdivided and a coal research laboratory was built on portion of it. The army hut was replaced by a brick hall on the eastern side of the block, and a rear kitchen wing was built, its materials and construction suggesting a date.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Liberty Hall is a two-storey brick house with a half-gabled corrugated galvanised iron roof and basement cellar. It is constructed with the front wall against the road alignment. At the rear is an attached single-storey timber frame kitchen wing with a floor level approximately 300mm below the floor level of the original front wing. The site has been further developed with a flat-roofed brick and blockwork meeting hall which runs the full length of the eastern alignment.</p><br>
<p>The original two-storeyed wing has a painted ruled render exterior finish, with solid rendered architraves around the windows. The front elevation is of symmetrical design with a central front doorway flanked with two pairs of colonial sash windows. The upper level has three colonial sash windows. The original ground floor contains a central hallway leading to a small timber staircase and four rooms, one of which has a fireplace with simple painted cedar surround. Ground floor walls are generally of painted plaster, the joinery is of very simple design such as square section balusters under the cedar handrail to the stair. Ceilings are of fibro with timber cornice and doors are of the four-panel type.</p><br>
<p>The original wing&#39;s upper floor has a narrow transverse hallway entered from the stairway top landing. This level has five small bedrooms and a toilet. All of the upper level partition walls are of 300mm wide vertical beaded tongue-and-groove timber boards, single-lined, and all doors are of the simple ledged type, sheeted with vertical tongue and groove. Ceilings of the upper level are of tongue and groove.</p><br>
<p>A basement cellar extends underneath the whole of the ground floor of the original wing up to the retaining wall against the footpath. The rear kitchen wing supported on concrete stumps contains a kitchen, store-room, dining room, two bathrooms and a toilet. External walls are of asbestos cement "shadowline" sheeting and casement windows. Rear stairs give access internally to a lower level enclosed landing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Liberty Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Built between 1857 and 1860, Mary Tregear Hostel is one of the oldest buildings in Ipswich and is a rare example of a simple town dwelling in colonial Georgian style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Although its roofline has been altered, it retains much of its original symmetrical form and is valued by the community for its aesthetic contribution to the streetscape of central Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is closely associated with the work of the QCWA and in particular, its role in providing supervised accommodation for country girls working in the city. It is closely associated with the Campbell family, the first free settlers to arrive in Ipswich after 1842, and with an early senior police official Edward Quinn.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich & West Moreton Building Society is a heritage-listed building society office at 45 East Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1888 to 1950s by Peter Brown. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society building was constructed in 1888 to the design of the former Queensland Colonial Architect, F.G.D. Stanley. The Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society was the first building society established in Ipswich, and one of the first in Queensland. It was established in 1877 to meet a very real need for housing finance. A board of directors was appointed in July 1877 including chairman Enoch Bostock, directors E.W. Hargreaves, J. Scott and D. McKay, trustees W. Ginn, J. Mcfarlane and R. Tallon, surveyor S. Shenton and secretary T.W. Hoey. As there was no legislation covering building societies, the Ipswich society was registered in September 1877 under the Friendly Societies Act 1876. It was eventually registered again on 5 May 1887 when the Queensland Parliament passed the Building Society Act 1886. The tradition of building societies goes back to the beginning of the industrial revolution in England in the late 18th century. They were first formed by local members of working class communities to help each other finance the building of houses, of which there was a severe lack in the new industrial centres. They were a part of the self-help and mutual aid movement which saw the birth of friendly societies and trade unions as well as building societies in response to the lack of social welfare and protection for working class members of society. The first building society legislation in Australia came about in 1840 and from the beginnings of building societies in Australia in the nineteenth century they became an important part of the financial market during the 20th century. With the turn of the 21st century many of the original building societies have been taken over by larger financial institutions.</p><br>
<p>At first, the operations of the Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society were carried on in an office shared with Mr Bostock in Brisbane Street, Ipswich. Mindful of future needs, the Society purchased an allotment at the corner of East and Limestone Streets from James Foote in 1887, at the cost of £1,600. The following year, a two storey brick building with a large basement was erected at a cost of £4,052. The architect was FDG Stanley, the former Queensland Colonial Architect, and the building contractor was Peter Brown. Part of the building was initially leased to the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Co Ltd, and the clothing manufacturer Bishop and Woodward.</p><br>
<p>The architect, F.D.G Stanley was the former Queensland Colonial Architect from 1872 to 1881 as well being a prolific architect in private practice. He was one of the most prominent and prolific architects in nineteenth century Queensland demonstrating a high level of quality and diversity in his many works. Some of his buildings include The General Post Office, Queen Street, Brisbane (1871–72), The Supreme Court, Brisbane (1874-75) and in Ipswich the Congregational Church (1869–70) and the Governor Blackall Memorial in Toowong Cemetery (1879–80).</p><br>
<p>The building was enlarged in 1912, due to the expansion of its major tenant, Bishop and Woodward. A further triple-hipped roof brick section, at a cost of £1,245, appears to have been added to the rear. The architect was George Brockwell Gill, and the contractors Hastie and Halliwell.</p><br>
<p>The architect, George Brockwell Gill, designed many of the grand residences and public buildings in Ipswich from the 1880s to the 1930s. Some of his works include "Brynhyfryd" for Lewis Thomas (1889/90), Ipswich Girls Grammar School (1890/91), St Pauls Rectory (1895), the Ipswich Club (1916), the Ipswich Technical College (1901), and supervision of the construction of the Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator in 1936. Gill emigrated from London and settled in Ipswich in 1886 where he commenced work as an architect for the firm of Samuel Shenton. Gill took over Shenton&#39;s practice in 1889 when Shenton retired. Gill had been elected Associate of the Queensland Institute of Architects in 1904 and Fellow by 1913. He was its Vice-President in 1914-16 and President in 1918-19.</p><br>
<p>The Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society survived the depression of the 1890s and the building itself survived the flood of 1893 when the water rose to the first floor of the building. It continued to operate during the first and second world wars and the disastrous years of the Great Depression. In the 1970s branches were established in leased premises at Booval and Goodna, and further branches, sub-branches and agencies were subsequently established in other places in the south-east Queensland region.</p><br>
<p>Bishop and Woodward closed in March 1959, and the Society&#39;s premises were altered again. Six ground floor shops were constructed, designed by architect RF Franklin, and built by contractor TP Turner. A further modernisation of the shop fronts was undertaken in 1976-77, as well as extensive interior remodelling by architects Lumley and Tait Pty Ltd.</p><br>
<p>On 4 November 1996 the Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society merged with the First Provincial Building Society which in turn was taken over by the First Australian Building Society in December 1997 both of which occupied the old East Street building. The building was later owned and occupied by the Bendigo Bank. In 2015, the building is available for lease.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society is an imposing two storeyed building set on the corner of Limestone and East streets. It is constructed of brick which has been rendered and painted on two street frontages with face brick on the rear and side elevations. The building was constructed in three separate stages, the front section in 1888, the centre section was built in 1912 and the rear amenities block was probably constructed in the 1950s. The different stages of construction can be clearly seen on each side facade with different roof, brick and window types apparent.</p><br>
<p>The East Street facade of the building is symmetrical and divided into three parts, with a central section rising above the parapet which conceals the roof line behind. The central section contains a semicircular arch containing the words "Building Society 1888 AD" in relief, crowned with a pediment with "Estab 1877" underneath. The keystone of the arch features a symbol consisting of a wand with entwined snakes which was associated with good luck and commerce. Each side of the central section contains pilasters with composite capitals supporting an entablature and pediment. The awning over the footpath and the shop fronts on the street level are recent.</p><br>
<p>The Limestone street facade is less elaborate and is of rendered brickwork. The parapet continues around to conceal the roofline of the 1888 section while the hip roof of the 1912 section is exposed. The earlier section contains timber double-hung windows with flat arch window heads, while the 1912 part of the building has timber five- light casement windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building has been extensively remodelled with new partitioning and suspended ceilings. A mezzanine floor has been inserted into the original banking chamber. Very few original interior elements are visible apart from the window joinery which has been partly concealed by suspended ceilings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ipswich & West Moreton Building Society was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society building is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history being an example of the growth of Queenslands financial institutions, particularly building societies, in response to the need for funding for affordable housing. It also reflected the expansion of Ipswich as a commercial centre in the 1880s and subsequently the increased building activity which was taking place in the city centre.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building possesses aesthetic significance for the fine detail of its East Street facade and for its streetscape value, enhanced by its prominent corner position in the centre of the city of Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has special association with the Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society which operated in the building from 1888 to 1996.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It also has special association with the work of former Queensland colonial architect, FDG Stanley, who designed the building, and the architect of the additions, G. Brockwell Gill.</p><br>
<p>Fuquay Springs Historic District is a national historic district located at Fuquay-Varina, Wake County, North Carolina. The districts encompasses 36 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the town of Fuquay-Varina. The predominantly residential district developed between about 1899 and 1946, and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Ben-Wiley Hotel and Fuquay Mineral Spring. Other notable buildings include the Varina Mercantile Building , Barham Hotel , Ballentine-Spence House , Barbour-Perkins House , Proctor House , and Harold Johnson House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, with a boundary increase in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The William Sewall House is a historic house at 1027 Crystal Road in Island Falls, Maine. Built in 1865, it is a well-preserved example of vernacular Greek Revival style in a rural setting. The house is notable as the longtime home of a second-generation resident of the community, William Wingate Sewall, who had a long and enduring friendship with Theodore Roosevelt, a regular guest until 1878. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is still in the hands of Sewall descendants, operated as a yoga retreat center.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sewall House is located on the north side of Crystal Road (Maine State Route 159) just west of the Island Falls Post Office in the village center. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, three bays wide, with a side gable roof, twin interior chimneys, and clapboard siding. A single-story hip-roofed porch extends across the south-facing front and around the right side, supported by square posts. The front entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters. A two-bay two-story garage extends to the right, connecting the main house to a carriage barn.</p><br>
<p>One of the first settlers of the town of Island Falls was Levi Sewall, who arrived in 1842. His tenth child, William Wingate Sewall, was born in 1845, and was the communitys first native-born resident. The younger Sewall made his home in the town for his entire life, working on Maines logging drives until he was 75. This house was built for Sewall by Osgood Pingree, a neighbor. Sewalls house was a well-known stop for hunters who worked and recreated in the Maine woods. In 1872 Theodore Roosevelt, then a somewhat sickly young man, paid a visit, and established a friendship with Sewall that lasted until Roosevelts death in 1919. Roosevelt last visited Sewall in Maine in 1878, but invited him on one of is expeditions into the Dakota Territory in 1884.</p><br>
<p>The house remains in the hands of Sewall&#39;s descendants, and is now operated as a yoga retreat center.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pindo  is a mountain located in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It is in the municipality of Carnota and province of La Coruna. Composed of granite, it has a height of 627m. It is of local mythological importance.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mountain is located in the Atlantic coast near Carnota. Mountain prevent connections between villages.</p><br>
<p>Since 2014 it is part of Natura 2000 special area of conservation of Monte Pindo and Carnuta. The area covers 4674 hectares. A number or rare animals live in the area, including otter, many bats, black-throated loon and peregrine falcon.</p><br>
<p>Local environmentalists are campaigning to develop the area to full nature park.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 there was a devastating wildfire at Monte Pindo. It burned more than 1600 hectares of forest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The is evidence of human presesnce from 6000 years ago in form of ceramic findings. In 10th century bishop of Iria Flavia ordered a castle to be built on slopes of the mountain to protect the area from attacks from the sea. The castle was occupied by several noble families of Galicia until it was destroyed in 1467 war. After that treasure hunters have destroyed the remaining walls.</p><br>
<p>The particular geomorphology of Mount Pindo, full of reliefs in granite bowls, inspired lots of stories and legends of deities, carvings, or mythical monsters and giants, including some on the river Xallas, because the waterfall Ézaro fall by its waters directly on the salt water of the sea. It found numerous archaeological remains, as petroglyphs helpful bronze and remains of a supposed old hermitage.</p><br>
<p>In the tenth century Sisnando (bishop of Iria Flavia) ordered the construction of the Castle of St. George on the shores of the mountain as protection against pirate attacks medieval. Several noble families of Galicia inhabited until the castle was destroyed in 1467 in Irmandiñas Revolutions.</p><br>
<p>In this environment would be other two castles, but one that does not retain material remains determinants or documentation parsable more than a Latin inscription on a stone isolated:</p><br>
<p>Kings, bishops, priests, by all powers received from God, this castle here excomungaron</p><br>
<p>This inscription refers to excommunication that in 1130 launched the archbishop Gelmírez against Earl Lock, to have prisoner in his castle to the Archdeacon of Castile</p><br>
<p>Another fort on the mountain was called Peñafiel: there have also been hermitages, wells and paths. During the Spanish Civil war mountain was used as a refuge to secape from the enemy.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The term Pindo has its origin in the language most likely Celtic: Binn dubh (Mt. dark, dark top). The name Pindo may arise from the dialect of Gaelic Celtic spoken in the area before the Romanization of Gallaecia: Binn (Irish Gaelic) or beinn (Gaelic) (literally tip or apex) and dubh (adjective to describe something dark). Binn Dubh (pindub) amount after Pindo. The Romans gave, however, the name of Celtic Supertamarci (which refers to celtización the area).</p><br>
<p>The authors also provide several examples of physically similar to the hills of Carnot and called exactly that way in both Ireland (Monte Binn Dubh), as in Scotland (Beinn Dubh Monte).</p><br>
<h2>Mythology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is regarded as mythical place. Several legends are related to celts which occupied the area in ancient times. It is said the mountain was their Mount Olympos where they made sacrifices. The lush nature connects the place to fertility, which has encouraged pilgrimage of couples wishing to get more children.</p><br>
<p>Some caves in the area are said to belong to mouros, the supernatural beings living underground. Cadernos Lab. Xeolóxico de Laxe</p><br>
<p>Coruña. 2008. Vol. 33, pp. 19 - 34</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous legends about this mountain, which some romantic Galician historians considered the Celtic Olympus.</p><br>
<p>Its dark color is one of the main characteristics of Pindo.</p><br>
<p>Place-names often reflect the topographic features characteristic of a given area, and such descriptive place-names are common in the indigenous languages of the different areas of the world.</p><br>
<p>Since Galicia has always been considered a land occupied by the ancestors of the local inhabitants over countless generations, without massive immigration of outsiders, a large number of Galician place-names should reflect similar descriptive toponyms.</p><br>
<p>However, in addition to place-names easily decipherable in the Galician language, we find place-names which allow no easy interpretation. As in other areas of the globe, such unintelligible place-names may reflect languages spoken earlier in the region, but which have later died out, leaving the descriptive place-names unintelligible in the present-day languages of the area.</p><br>
<p>Since Galicia was clearly a Celtic region at the time of the Roman conquest, let us have a look at the place-name Pindo from the perspective of the Celtic languages – more specifically from the perspective of the Goidelic or Gaelic branch of the Celtic languages.</p><br>
<p>In Irish Gaelic, binn means “peak”, “mountain top” and, by extension, at times it is used in reference to a mountain. In Scottish Gaelic, beinn also means “peak”, “mountain top” and, by extension, at times it is used in reference to a mountain too.</p><br>
<p>In Irish Gaelic, however, the sound represented by the letter b retains its voicing. Thus, the sound is quite similar to a Galician b /b/ in word-initial position. This, however, can be deceptive in the written languages, since the Galician b lenites to a soft sound like /v/ in word-medial or word-final position, while the Irish letter b is not lenited in such positions.</p><br>
<p>In Scottish Gaelic, b is pronounced as the unvoiced, unaspirated consonant /p/, very similar to the Galician consonant p /p/.</p><br>
<p>In both Gaelic languages, dubh means “dark”. In Northern Irish dialects and in Scottish Gaelic, the final consonant, pronounced like the Spanish consonant b inter-vocalically and represented by the digraph bh, is elided. Therefore, the word dubh is pronounced /du/.</p><br>
<p>O Guerreiro, Monte Pindo.jpg</p><br>
<p>Xigante do Monte Pindo.jpg</p><br>
<p>Cabo Fisterra desde o Monte Pindo.jpg</p><br>
<p>O Pindo GDFL200503.jpg</p><br>
<p>Carnota - Monte Pindo (A Coruña, Galicia, España) 04.JPG</p><br>
<p>Carnota - Monte Pindo (A Coruña, Galicia, España) 09.JPG</p><br>
<p>Carnota - Monte Pindo (A Coruña, Galicia, España) 08.JPG</p><br>
<p>Downtown Garner Historic District, also known as Garners Station, is a national historic district located at Garner, Wake County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 62 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Garner. The district developed between about 1883 and 1940 and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Classical Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Garner Depot ,  Garner High School , Hayes Chapel Christian Church , H. D. Rand Store , Bank of Garner Building , Section Foremans Bouse , Joe Broughton Bouse, J. J. Bagwell House, W. L. Brooks House , and D. B. Buffaloe House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Road Elm Allée is a 0.7 mi stretch of Washington Road in West Windsor, New Jersey that is lined with Princeton Elm trees. The allée runs through the West Windsor fields of Princeton University and provides, along with the bridge over Lake Carnegie, a dramatic entrance to the campus. The Delaware and Raritan Canal can be found at the northern end of the allée, just before the lake. A jogging path runs through the allée and connects to the canal towpath, the main campus of the university, and other trails through the adjacent fields.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Elm Allée</h3><br>
<p>The original allée was planted in the mid-1920s by Princeton Nurseries, at one time the country&#39;s largest commercial plant nursery. The Elm trees are of the Princeton variety, developed by Princeton Nurseries for its landscaping quality, and are resistant to Dutch elm disease, the only one of ten resistant cultivars to have trees that have reached maturity. Of the original 136 Elms planted in the 1920s only 76 survive. They are approximately 24-26 in in diameter and 60 ft tall. Their branches meet over the roadway to provide a leafy canopy. The allée has many replacement trees, including 16 Norway maples planted in the 1960s, and 31 Liberty elms planted in 1995. The secondary rows of Delaware Elms were planted in 1983, and a long row of forsythia to the east is thought to date from the late 1960s.</p><br>
<h3>Schenck-Covenhoven Burial Ground</h3><br>
<p>To the east of the Elm Allée, 1,100 ft from the road, along the jogging path, can be found the Schenck-Covenhoven Burial Ground, sometimes called the Old Conover Graveyard. It contains forty or fifty graves surrounded by a stone wall and is undoubtedly the oldest cemetery in West Windsor Township, with burials dating to at least 1751. The Schenck and Covenhoven families were Dutch farmers who purchased 6,000 acre in what is now West Windsor from William Penn in 1737. The Conover family was among the original settlers in Penns Neck, a settlement found at the south end of the allée. The cemetery has been in disuse for more than a century, though it receives some maintenance from the university.</p><br>
<h2></h2><br>
<p>Fort Ord Station Veterinary Hospital is a former equestrian veterinary complex at Fort Ord in Marina, California, United States. It was built in 1941 on the assumption that horses and mules would continue playing an important role in the United States Army for cavalry, field artillery, and supply packing units during World War II. The Station Veterinary Hospital  was converted to other purposes when mounted soldiers were discontinued in 1942. A 1.8 acre complex of 16 contributing properties was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 for having local significance in military history. The complex is of the nation&#39;s last constructed and last surviving equestrian veterinary hospitals of the USA Army, symbolizing the final years of horse-dependent warfare. Five of the buildings are now managed by the city of Marina as the Marina Equestrian Center, while the former barracks is vacant and owned by the Marina Coast Water District.</p><br>
<p>The Calais Historic District encompasses a city block of 19th-century commercial buildings in the center of Calais, Maine. The area, developed after a fire devastated the area in 1870, contains a cohesive concentration of brick Italianate architecture. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The city of Calais is located in far eastern Maine, at the head of tide of the Saint Croix River, which forms the international border with the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Calais was incorporated as a city in 1850, and was at the time a center of the lumber and shipbuilding industries. In August 1870 a devastating fire swept through the city&#39;s central business district, destroying a large number of wood frame commercial buildings. Within one year, a significant portion of the area had been rebuilt, primarily in brick.</p><br>
<p>The historic district encompasses a one block stretch on the south side of Main Street, between North and Church Streets, and includes a few buildings along the latter two streets. All of the buildings along Main Street but one, were built in wake of the 1870 fire, and exhibit Italianate styling popular at that time. The exception is the Hill Building at 153 Main, which is a three-story brick Greek Revival structure built in 1847. The two buildings on the east side of North Street that extend south from the Hill Building are also Greek Revival buildings from the 1840s and 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The two buildings on Church Street that are part of the district are both civic buildings. Calais City Hall, located at 15 Church Street, is a Romanesque Revival structure built in 1901, and the former fire station at 13 Church Street was built in 1874, with its tower and belfry added in 1895-96. City Hall was designed by H. A. Crosby.</p><br>
<p>The Doe Branch Post Office is a historic house and post office in rural western Pulaski County, Arkansas. Located on the north side of Kanis Road , just west of its junction with Golden Eagle Drive, it is an L-shaped single-story structure built in a sequence of steps. The oldest portion is a single-pen board-and-batten structure, built in 1890 by Noah Richards. To this were added a clapboard addition to the side, a porch to the rear, and a kitchen, also to the rear, giving the building its present L shape. The building is one of the oldest in the Ferndale area, which was originally known as Doe Run, and was occupied by two generations of the Richards family.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Storm King Dam is a lake created by the dam of the same name in Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It provides water for the town of Stanthorpe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The dam takes its name from the Storm King Mining Company which was established by John Yaldwyn and James Ross, who built an earlier dam for mining purposes. The company, in turn, took its name from the sailing ship Storm King, on which they migrated to Australia, arriving 9 February 1872.</p><br>
<p>The present dam was first proposed in 1928 but was not built until 1954 by the Stanthorpe Shire Council. It had filled by February 1954. Following local government area amalgamations in 2008, the dam is currently operated by the Southern Downs Regional Council. It supplies water both to residents of Stanthorpe and to irrigators.</p><br>
<p>The dam is increasing proving inadequate to meet the needs of the community it serves during drought periods. In 2007, Storm King Dam was carrying as little as two months supply.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Storm King Dam was created from Quart Pot Creek which is the only inflow and outflow of the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities</h2><br>
<p>Storm King Dam is available for recreational use, including fishing, water sports, bird watching and picnics. Fish in the dam include golden perch and murray cod. The lake attracts many water birds including pelicans. Barbeques and other picnic facilities are available. Boating is permitted on the lake, but motor boards require a permit.</p><br>
<p>The Stockton Street Historic District covers both sides of Stockton Street , from Railroad Avenue to Summit Street, and a portion of Rogers Avenue in Hightstown, New Jersey. It is notable for its Victorian homes, First Methodist Church, and the Hightstown Civil War monument. It is also significant for its association with the introduction of rail service to New Jersey, as the first railroad in the United States to connect two major cities, New York and Philadelphia, originally ran along what is now Railroad Avenue at the eastern end of the district. In 1832, the John Bull, the first locomotive in the country, provided the first steam-powered passenger rail service in the country, stopping at Stockton Street. In July 2015, HIghtstown became a Preserve America community which enhances historic preservation, including the district.</p><br>
<p>The McBirney Mansion in Tulsa, Oklahoma was the home of James H. McBirney, co-founder of the Bank of Commerce in Tulsa in 1904. He was the original owner of the mansion, built by architect John Long in 1928, and lived there until 1976. The mansion contained 15,900 ft2 and sits on a 2.91 acres lot. The mansion was bought by Donna and Roger Hardesty who lived there for 5 years. Eventually it was bought by a law firm that turned it into a law office. By 2007, was purchased by former American Airlines President George Warde, who had plans to transform it into a boutique hotel. In the meantime, the McBirney Mansion was used as an event center. Warde died in 2012, and events stopped being held at McBirney. By February 2012, the Pauls Corporation, a Denver real estate management company, acquired the mansion as part of the suit’s settlement. Tulsa attorney, Gentner Drummond, bought the mansion from Pauls Corp. in 2014, announcing his intention to make it his family&#39;s home.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gothic Revival mansion was designed for James McBirney by John Long, a Kansas City architect. Its site was in Childer&#39;s Heights, a residential area located near the Arkansas River, south of downtown Tulsa. The site is at 1414 South Galveston Avenue. Its coordinates are latitude 36.14171 and longitude -95.99183.</p><br>
<p>Childers Heights Addition is now a part of the Riverside Historical District. This land had been allotted to Wiliam Childers, a member of the Creek tribe, in 1905, when the tribal lands were allotted to individual members of the tribe. In 1918, after Childers&#39; death, his daughter, Nola Childers Tracy, prepared plats for developing the 160 acres that she had inherited from her father.</p><br>
<p>The house has four levels and is constructed with a steel beam frame under hollow tile. The exterior is covered with brick, stucco and stone. It is decorated with copper gutters and stained glass windows. The foundation is 18 inch thick reinforced concrete. A separate two-level building contains a four-car garage plus quarters. The basement has a separate entrance at ground level and includes a club room with a fireplace, a biliard room with billiard table, furnace room, two storage rooms and a general purpose room. There is also a laundry and a half bath.</p><br>
<p>The first floor (ground level) has a large foyer, which opens onto a slate-floored terrace. All first floor rooms, except the breakfast area, open onto the terrace, which has a view of the Arkansas River. Rooms on the first floor include a Living room (24 feet by 51 feet), dining room (31 feet), music room (25 feet by 19 feet), kitchen and butler&#39;s pantry. There are also two porches. The second floor contains seven bedrooms and three full bathrooms. The third floor has three dormer bedrooms and one full bathroom.</p><br>
<p>The grounds surrounding the mansion are landscaped with trees, especially magnolias and cedars. The ground at the rear slope toward the Arkansas River. This area also features a rock garden, a grotto and a fresh water spring that has its own historical importance. The spring (now known as "McBirney Spring") is fed by an underground source that has surfaced here since before the Creek Nation stopped in the Tulsa area after their forced emigration. It is said that Washington Irving stopped here in 1832 and subsequently wrote about the spring. The spring was also used by early cattlemen to water their stock before fording the Arkansas River.</p><br>
<h2>Conversion to other uses</h2><br>
<p>In 1975, the home was sold by the McBirney family to a local couple, Roger and Donna Hardesty. The Hardestys then sold it to the Doyle, Holmes, Gasaway and Green law firm, who converted it to their office.</p><br>
<p>In January, 2007, three men, doing business as WSL Properties LLC, announced plans to buy the McBirney Mansion and convert it to an 80-suite luxury hotel encompassing 112,000 ft2. The three investors were George Warde, Jim Seawright and Jack Lee. The announcement said they expected to spend $23 million to convert the facility from a bed and breakfast to a hotel, including adding a 100,000 ft2, an underground garage and a meeting facility. The seller was McBirney Asset Management Inc. dba Caroline Cardin, and the price was listed at $2.2 million.</p><br>
<p>Gentner Drummond, a Tulsa Attorney, bought the mansion from Pauls Corporation in 2014 for $2.03 million. He and his wife intended to make it their family home. Although the house was in excellent shape, they immediately began to replace some of the kitchen appliances.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP listing</h2><br>
<p>The McBirney House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) by the National Park Service on November 13, 1976, under criteria B and C. The registration number is 76001577.</p><br>
<p>The Somerset Roller Mills, also known as the Jacobs Creek Grist Mill, are a small former gristmill complex, originally built in the early 18th century, in Titusville, New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tradition holds that Isaac Smith received a 1,000 acre land grant in 1726 from the English Crown. It is thought that shortly thereafter he built the first house and mill on the site, shipping processed grain down the river to Philadelphia. It is probable that the mill provided flour to the Continental Army during the American Revolution. The opening of the Delaware and Raritan Canal next to the mill in 1834 greatly improved its business, leading to its expansion in the 1840s. The mill continued in operation until the early Depression by which point modern automated mill technology rendered its manual operations obsolete. The mill documents the beginnings, development, and decline of a pre-20th century rural manufacturing process.</p><br>
<p>Navy Building 38 is a historic building on Route 1 in Fagatogo, American Samoa. Located on the north side of the road, it is a roughly square single-story building with a shallow-sloping pyramidal roof, that extends beyond the concrete block walls to create a lanai supported by fluted cast metal columns. The concrete blocks used in its construction were locally manufactured. The building was constructed about 1917 by the United States Navy as part of Naval Station Tutuila, to provide a home for high-powered radio transmission equipment capable of communicating directly with naval facilities in Hawaii during the First World War. It is one of three buildings known to have been built at the time with this combination of materials.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Fletcher&#39;s Neck Lifesaving Station was a maritime rescue facility at Ocean Avenue and Fourth Street in the Biddeford Pool area of Biddeford, Maine. Established in 1874 by the United States Life-Saving Service, its original building is one of the best-preserved of the first five stations built by the service on the coast of Maine and New Hampshire. A larger station was built adjacent to the original in 1938. The station was in active use until 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Biddeford Pool is a peninsula jutting into the Gulf of Maine just south of the mouth of the Saco River on the southern coast of Maine. The Fletcher Lifesaving Station is located on the southeast side of the peninsula, just west of the junction of Fourth Street and Ocean Avenue. The original 1874 station is a small garage-like structure with a gable roof, 1-1/2 stories in height. Its main facade faces toward the ocean, with a large two-leaf equipment door as its main feature. The gable roof has extended overhangs on all sides, with large brackets supporting the eaves, featuring a carved dolphin at their centers. The area under the eaves is finished in vertical board siding, while that below is clapboarded. The interior of the main floor was dominated by an equipment bay, with a common kitchen and lounge space behind, and quarters in the attic story for a keeper and six men. To the left of this structure is the much larger 1938 station, a Shingle-style structure two stories in height, with two equipment bays on the right, and a prominent four-story tower with observation room at the top.</p><br>
<p>The United States Life-Saving Service was established by an Act of Congress in 1874, as a means to provide rescue services along the nations coastlines. Fletchers was one of five such stations established along the coastlines of Maine and New Hampshire, entering service formally on December 1, 1874. The Service was later merged into the United States Coast Guard, which built the larger station in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The John Abbott II House was built ca. 1730 in what is now Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey. During the American Revolution, Samuel Tucker, the state treasurer, fleeing the British advance on Trenton, removed the money in his care to the home of John Abbott II. The location of the funds was betrayed by Mrs. Mary Pointing, who led a 500-strong detachment of British troops to the house. In ransacking the home, the soldiers discovered Tucker&#39;s trunk with his personal effects and £1500 in unsigned paper money. However, the specie money was hidden by the family in the bottom of tubs in the cellar, covered with broken dishes and household utensils. The tubs escaped close inspection and the money was kept from British hands. The house is currently home to the Hamilton Township Historical Society and is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Verde River Sheep Bridge, also known as the Red Point Sheep Bridge, is a suspension bridge which crosses the Verde River in Arizona. Constructed primarily to allow sheep to be driven between grazing ranges on either side of the river. Building started in 1943 and was completed in 1944. Sheep drives stopped in 1978. The bridge was closed in 1987 and largely demolished in 1988. A replica bridge was constructed in by the USA Forest Service1989 to allow hikers access to the Mazatzal Wilderness in Tonto National Forest. The original west suspension tower still remains alongside the replica bridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. R.O. Raymond of the Flagstaff Sheep Company owned a winter sheep allotment on the east side of the Verde River and a summer allotment on the west side. Access between the sides was difficult, and high water conditions could make it hazardous to ford the river. Raymond decided to fund the construction of a narrow suspension bridge across the Verde to make the crossing easier. A road was built to the bridge site in 1943 and construction was started on a bridge to a design by C.O. Gilliam. It was built using surplus materials from the Bluebell Mine, as well as some cables from the Golden Turkey Mine. The builders were Frank Auza, the Flagstaff Sheep Company&#39;s foreman, and George W. Smith, a local builder, with a crew of more than thirty Basque, French Basque, Mexican and Hispanic sheepherders. Auza and Smith visited the Blue Point Sheep Bridge on the Salt River to learn about its construction, deciding to call the Verde River bridge the Red Point Bridge. The total cost of the bridge as originally built was $7277. Auza maintained the bridge until 1978, when sheep herding was discontinued in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original bridge measured 691 ft overall from anchorage to anchorage and was 45 in wide, with a clear cable span of 568 ft. The walkway, whose abutments were located between the towers, had a span of 476 ft with a clearance of about 45 ft over the river. The suspension span was supported by 1.5 in wire rope with 0.375 in wire rope suspenders 8 ft apart. The deck and railings are wood. The 50 ft tall west tower is concrete. Although Gilliam designed the tower legs as large timbers, they were made of built-up 2x10s which were more readily available. However, this assembly soon deteriorated, so Auza erected formwork around them and poured concrete towers. Sway bracing was provided by wire cable stays.</p><br>
<h2>Designation and replacement</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1978. The original bridge&#39;s concrete abutment remains.</p><br>
<p>The Little Falls and Dakota Depot is a former railway station in Starbuck, Minnesota, United States, in service 1882–1982. The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 for having local significance under the themes of commerce, exploration/settlement, and transportation. It was nominated for its associations with the expansion of rail lines and European settlement into the region, and the growth of Starbuck as an agricultural trade center. The depot was restored beginning in 1986 by the non-profit Starbuck Depot Society, and it is now part of an open-air museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>East–west rail lines had been laid across Minnesota by the early 1870s, but they did not cross Pope County and settlement remained low. In 1879 local entrepreneurs incorporated the Little Falls and Dakota Railroad to build a new east–west branch line from Little Falls, Minnesota, to the Dakota border. The Northern Pacific Railway and Great Northern Railway, locked in a rivalry for national dominance, each took an interest in the new region and the lucrative land rights that would come with it. The Great Northern hurriedly build tracks for the St. Cloud and Lake Traverse Railway from Morris, Minnesota towards Starbuck. However the Little Falls and Dakota, secretly backed by Northern Pacific, reached Starbuck first, securing the critical mail franchise for the town. Great Northern interests relented and sold the St. Cloud and Lake Traverse section to their rival. Upon completion in 1882 the Little Falls and Dakota line was immediately leased by the Northern Pacific, and purchased outright in 1900.</p><br>
<p>For Starbucks centennial celebration on July 1, 1983, the worlds largest lefse was cooked on the depot grounds. Since 1987 the city has held an annual Lefse Dagen festival on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Jean P. Haydon Museum is a museum dedicated to the culture and history of the United States territory of American Samoa. It contains a collection of canoes, coconut-shell combs, pigs’ tusk armlets and native pharmacopoeia. It also houses exhibits on natural history, tapa making, traditional tattooing, as well as a collection of war clubs, kava bowls, and historic photographs. Constructed in 1913 as USA Naval Station Tutuila Commissary, the building was also home to Tutuila Island’s Post Office from 1950-1971. A portion of the museum is dedicated to the island’s history with the Apollo missions. Apollo 10, 12, 13, 14, and 17 landed in the waters near Tutuila upon their return to Earth. Lunar rocks brought from the moon on Apollo missions are at display at the museum. The museum is also home to an American Samoa flag, which was brought to the moon by Apollo 11 in 1969. The flag and moon rocks were given as a gift to American Samoa by President Richard Nixon following the return of the Apollo missions.</p><br>
<p>The museum is located on the north side of Route 1 in Fagatogo, American Samoa, roughly opposite the main post office. The building in which it is located, formerly Navy Building 43 of Naval Station Tutuila, is itself historically significant as one of a few surviving buildings constructed by the United States Navy in 1917 with locally-fashioned rusticated concrete blocks. The building served as the naval bases commissary until 1950, when it was turned over to civilian administration and converted to the islands main post office. The post office moved to new facilities, and in 1971 the building was opened as the museum, which is named for the wife of then-governor John M. Haydon. It was dedicated by anthropologist Margaret Mead, who had returned to American Samoa to visit Ta&#39;ū Island, where she wrote Coming of Age in Samoa.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The George W. Smith Homestead is a historic house on Main Street in Mattawamkeag, Maine. Built in 1874 by the son of one of the town&#39;s early settlers, the Italianate-style house is the only house of significant architectural merit in the small community. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Smith Homestead is set back from the east side of Main Street (United States Route 2) in the village center of Mattawamkeag, a rural community at the confluence of the Mattawamkeag and Penobscot Rivers. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, two interior chimneys, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Its main facade, facing west, is three bays wide, with a central entrance sheltered by a single-story porch supported by square posts. The roof is topped by a cupola with arched windows and finial, and has a bracketed cornice. An ell extends the house to the rear, joining it to a barn and giving the entire complex an L shape. The main barn door also faces west, with a pair of dormers in the roof above.</p><br>
<p>Asa Smith was one of Mattawamkeags early white settlers, and occupied a prominent position in the community, running a store and serving in the state legislature. His son George built in this house in 1874, and continued his fathers retail operation, also serving as the local postmaster for many years. The house is the only one of significant architectural distinction in the community, and has remained relatively unaltered since its construction.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Clayton Black House  is a historic house located at 300 East Race Street in Searcy, Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built shortly before the American Civil War and extensively updated in 1872, it is one of the earliest examples of Queen Anne architecture surviving in the state. Originally constructed as a single-story two-room structure, it was expanded by the Black family, adding a third room to the rear and a complete second story, and adorning the building with period woodwork. This is most evident in the two-story front porch, which exhibits ornamental latticework, turned posts, and brackets.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Pig & Calf Lunch, also known as the Pig Stand Cafe, is a historic building in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is notable as a largely original example of mid-1930s commercial architecture. The building was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1993 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pig & Calf Lunch was built by local restaurateur Charlie Ellis, replacing an earlier iteration of the same business dating to 1924. The new cafe opened on May 14, 1935 and remained in operation until the 1950s, profiting from the influx of travelers brought by the realignment of USA Route 66 along Central Avenue in 1937. Although the name Pig & Calf appears on the building, it mostly operated as the Pig Stand Cafe. In later years the building housed the University Cafe and then a laundromat before being restored and reopening as a Pita Pit franchise in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Pig & Calf Lunch is a one-story, flat-roofed building featuring elements of Streamline Moderne architecture. It is constructed of hollow clay tile faced inside and out with white ceramic tile, with contrasting horizontal bands of black tile along the base and roof line on the exterior of the building as well as above and below the windows. The front of the building is decorated with tile friezes depicting the titular animals on either side of the "Pig & Calf" name. The building has a continuous bank of windows under a full-width transom on the north (street) facade and ten separate windows on the west facade, which faces an off-street parking lot.</p><br>
<p>Terrace is an unincorporated community in Chippewa Falls Township, Pope County, Minnesota, United States. The community was settled in the 1870s around the Terrace Mill. In 1982 a historic district of early buildings and structures was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Terrace Historic District for having local significance under the themes of exploration/settlement and industry. It was nominated as a well-preserved example of the small communities that grew up around Minnesota&#39;s rural mills in the latter 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Terrace was established by George Wheeler, John Wheeler, and William Moses; settlers who had moved from eastern Canada to Owatonna, Minnesota, to the Minnesota frontier to establish a mill. Located on the East Branch of the Chippewa River, the town was originally called Chippewa Falls, but soon changed names due to ongoing confusion with Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. The original mill relocated to Brooten, Minnesota around 1895, but in 1903 a new miller constructed the existing Terrace Mill and resumed the town&#39;s founding industry.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Terrace Historic District consists of 13 contributing properties. Five contributing properties closely associated with the mill itself were originally listed on the National Register as the Terrace Mill Historic District in 1979, but a more comprehensive historic district was declared in 1982 in recognition of the rare integrity of the broader community. Early rural mill towns tended to be abandoned due to the cessation of small milling operations and competition from towns prospering along railroad lines. They are particularly rare in western Minnesota, where settlement was minimal until rail lines were laid. The properties of the Terrace Historic District represent the full suite of industrial, commercial, educational, social, religious, and residential structures comprising a small community.</p><br>
<p>The Hope Building is a historic commercial building in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Built in 1894, it is one of the only surviving 19th century buildings in Downtown Albuquerque. It was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hope Building was built in 1894 to house the medical offices and residence of Dr. Walter G. Hope. Hope and his family moved out of the upstairs living space in 1905 but he continued to use the office portion of the building until 1909. During the following century, the building housed a wide variety of tenants including a photography studio, a hatter, the New Mexico State Tribune newspaper, a restaurant, a beauty school, a furniture store, and a rubber stamp company. Meanwhile, nearly all of the other 19th century buildings remaining downtown were razed by various urban renewal programs in the 1960s and 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor of the Hope Building was converted from residential use to offices around 1950.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Hope Building is typical of the small commercial buildings built in Albuquerque during the second wave of railroad-related construction in the 1890s, almost none of which survive today. It is a two-story building occupying the entirety of its 25 ft by 142 ft lot, part of the original Albuquerque townsite established in 1880. The building originally had a depth of 70 ft with a wooden porch at the rear but later additions brought it to its present dimensions. The original portion of the building has 12 in load-bearing brick exterior walls with a single row of interior columns on the first floor and a wooden roof truss providing a column-free second floor.</p><br>
<p>The red brick facade has two arched openings on the ground floor and two pairs of arched sash windows separated by a central column on the second floor. The windowsills and the bases of the ground floor arches are cast stone. The Hope Building originally had eight windows in each side wall, four upstairs and four downstairs, but all but two upstairs windows on the west side have been covered by later construction. The building&#39;s interior has been remodeled many times and does not retain any original details.</p><br>
<p>The Paulino Outdoor Oven is a 20th-century version of a traditional hotnu, or outside oven, on the island of Guam. This oven is located on Paulino family land of Bear Rock Lane on Agfayan Point, a peninsula on the south side of Agfayan Bay in the village of Inarajan. It was built in 1947 for the Paulinos by Jesus Menu Cristostomo out of modern materials, following a traditional form that has been in use on Guam since these ovens were introduced by the Spanish in the 17th century. It is a barrel-shaped structure about 1.85 m long, 1.68 m wide, and 0.8 m high. The base of the structure is coral stone mixed with mortar. The interior of the vault is made out of heat-resistant bricks, while the exterior is finished in alternating layers of red tile and mortar. The oven was used by the Paulino family to prepare baked goods such as dinner rolls and wedding cakes, and to roast pigs. When recorded in 2010, it was in deteriorating condition.</p><br>
<p>The oven was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Levi Foss House is a historic house on Maine State Route 35  on the Dayton side of the village of Goodwins Mills, Maine. Built about 1815, it is a well-preserved example of an early 19th-century connected farmstead with Federal and Greek Revival styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Levi Foss House is located on the north side of Maine State Route 35, a few houses north of its junction with Waterhouse Road. It is located in the town of Dayton, but on the fringe of the village of Goodwins Mills, most of which is in neighboring Lyman. The main house is a 1-1/2 story Cape style wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, central chimney, and clapboard siding. Ells extending to the right (east) join the house to its barn, the entire complex forming an L shape. The entry of the house is in a projecting gable-roofed enclosed vestibule, which features a detailed Greek Revival surround including sidelight windows, pilasters, and a full gable pediment. Exterior Greek Revival details are also evident on the barn, whose gable ends have full returns, although most of the remaining trim is Federal. Interior trim is predominantly Greek Revival in style, although the front winding staircase retains Federal period newel posts and handrail.</p><br>
<p>The main house was built about 1815, and would originally have had Federal period styling. There is some evidence that one of the ells may be older than the main house, but this has not been confirmed. The house was extensively restyled sometime after the Greek Revival came into vogue in the 1820s. Except for modest modernizations of the interior in the 20th century, the building has been little altered.</p><br>
<p>Crystal Lake, one of seven Crystal Lakes in Polk County, Florida,is a somewhat oval-shaped lake. It has a surface area of 27.58 acre. This lake is inside Lakeland, Florida, and most of the area surrounding it is completely urbanized. It is bounded on the east by county road 659 and on the north by Crystal Lake Park and North Crystal Lake Drive. On the west it is bordered by homes. On the southwest it is bordered by South Crystal Lake Drive and on the southeast it is bounded by more homes.</p><br>
<p>Crystal Lake has public access at Crystal Lake Park. This park has a fishing pier, a boat ramp and canoe access point, and some picnic tables. The park is open daily from dawn to dusk. There are no boat ramps or swimming areas along the lake shore, but it can be fished from the shore. The Take Me Fishing website says Lake Wire contains largemouth bass, bream and bluegill.</p><br>
<p>The Holly Grove Historic District encompasses the historic central business district of Holly Grove, Arkansas. It covers about one block of Arkansas Highway 86, between Pine and Smith Streets, extending slightly in each direction beyond. The road is at this point divided by a median that formerly carried a railroad right of way, and was historically known as Main Street; the westbound lanes are now called Dr. Herd E. Stone Street, and the eastbound lanes Ralph Abramson Street. The district includes a collection of one and two-story brick buildings, most with vernacular commercial styling typical of the 1920s. The town grew as a railroad town beginning in the 1870s, its success spurred in part by a successful railroad tie-making business.</p><br>
<p>The district, which includes twenty buildings, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Cottonwood Island, a large island in the Colorado River, within Cottonwood Valley, in Clark County, Nevada. Cottonwood Island was a low-lying island about 10 miles long and up to 3 miles wide. It was forested by cottonwoods and also after the spring flood, cluttered with driftwood from the riparian woodlands along the upper watershed of the Colorado River, washed down and caught in the first wide valley where the river slowed and spread out. Cottonwood Island was important as a source wood and of fuel for steamboats on that river and for the early mills and mines in El Dorado Canyon.</p><br>
<p>John Ross Browne described it in his 1869 report on the Colorado River:</p><br>
<p>Cottonwood Island appears in the 1875 Topographical Sketch showing the Outward and Inward Route of a Party, while examining as to the practicability of a Diversion of the Colorado River for Purposes of Irrigation, from an annual report by 1st Lt. G. M. Wheeler, Corps Of Engineers. Cottonwood Island later appears on a September 1911 reprint of a U. S. Geological Survey, Reconnaissance Map, Arizona, Nevada, California, Camp Mohave Sheet, Edition of March 1892, reprinted.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cottonwood Island was a site favored by the Mohave people for their agriculture, dependent as it was on the spring flood for its irrigation, and for the products they made from the cottonwood trees. It was an object of dispute with the ChemehueviPaiute to the north and west, in the later 19th Century.</p><br>
<p>All the driftwood deposited on the island became an item of trade following the establishment of mines in El Dorado Canyon in 1861. Wood was cut up by the Mohave and provided as fuel to steamboats traveling the river past Cottonwood Island or as timber for the mines. But such traffic only could occur during the high water months, the only time the steamboats would navigate the rapids and shallows of this upper reach of the Colorado. In late 1863 when the first stamp mill was established at the mines, ore was no longer carried down river in sufficient volume and the steamboats did not come as often. Additionally the need for more regular supplies of goods from down river at Hardyville, where the steamboats stopped at low water, and the need for more regular and large supplies for wood and wood fuel for the mills brought Captain L. C. Wilburn and a fleet of 3 barges, the Colorado, El Dorado and Veagas. These barges were sailed and poled up and down river by Paiute and Mohave crews during the slack months. They carried hay, timber, wood and charcoal made on the island up river to the mills in three or four days. They also ascended the Colorado River as far as the Virgin River to bring back salt to the mills, for refining the ore, mined in the Virgin Valley by Mormon colonists there.</p><br>
<h2>The Island Today</h2><br>
<p>Cottonwood Island is now lost under Lake Mohave.</p><br>
<p>Cady Hall is a Spanish Colonial Revival building in Patagonia, Arizona. The building was constructed in 1901 as the Patagonia Hotel by local businessman John Cady . During the twentieth century it was used as a hotel, a boarding house, a church, a library and a social hall. The L-shaped one-story plastered adobe building has a pyramidal roof over the main section and a gable room over the hotel portion, with a shed roofed addition. The main section houses the meeting spaces. Sheet metal has replaced the original shingle roofing. A porch roof follows the profile of the main roof a lower elevation on two sides.</p><br>
<p>Cady Hall was purchased by the Patagonia Women&#39;s Club in 1947, who donated space for the library from 1957. The building was restored in 1990. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 and it continues to house the Patagonia Public Library.</p><br>
<p>Cornland School is a one-room schoolhouse located in Chesapeake, Virginia. "It is believed to be the oldest pre-Rosenwald School still standing in Tidewater Virginia." It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The one-room building was built sometime around 1902. However, there is also evidence that the building existed circa 1885. Cornland was built with no electricity or indoor plumbing, and was heated by a wood-burning stove, which sat in the middle of the floor. The school represents one of the regions earliest attempts to educate African American children. The school was closed in 1952, when it was consolidated with other nearby schools. According to a supporter of the restoration project,</p><br>
<p>“While the present building dates to 1902, we know that there was an earlier school building close by. Records indicate that there were three schools for African-American children in the Pleasant Grove District of Norfolk County as early as 1871; Cornland’s predecessor is believed to be one. Local legend says freed slaves who treasured the opportunity to educate their children built it on land donated by Israel Foreman. By 1885, official documents begin recording the names of the teachers in the school. A restored Cornland School would honor the roots of African-American education while reminding us of how far we have come.”</p><br>
<p>In order to learn more about the schools history, Cornland School Foundation members are conducting interviews with former alumni, some of which are also actively involved in the schools preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 2010, Preservation Virginia listed Cornland School as one of its most endangered historic sites as it "is in serious disrepair." The City of Chesapeake is currently seeking to restore the building.</p><br>
<p>The building itself has undergone smaller repairs such as the replacement of the front step. After the school was closed in 1952, it was used as a church and a residence. Some of the modifications needed for those structures still remain in the building.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>According to the Cornland School Foundation,</p><br>
<p>In the style of Vernacular architecture, "the structure is constructed of wood clapboard siding and a standing-seam metal roof. A small brick chimney protrudes from the center of the roofline. Windows are six-over-six, though the glass is continuous in each sash and not broken by the muntins. There are three windows on both the east and west facades. The remaining glazing has been covered with faux-stained glass plastic films. The windows have been boarded up to weatherproof the structure until stabilization and restoration are possible.”</p><br>
<p>Lake Jean is a lake in Luzerne County and Sullivan County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It has a surface area of approximately 245 acre and is situated in Colley Township, Sullivan County and Fairmount Township, Luzerne County. The lakes main inflow is the outlet of Ganoga Lake. Lake Jean is fairly shallow, with an average depth of 5.9 ft. It is in the watershed of Fishing Creek. The main rock formations in the lakes watershed include Burgoon Sandstone and the Mauch Chunk Formation. The lake is dammed by the Lake Jean Dam and is owned by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jean historically had a low pH due to impairment by atmospheric deposition. The lake has become less acidic, but continues to be impaired by mercury. Its watershed has an area of 1,998 acre, including the lake itself. The majority of the watershed is forested, though there are a few other land uses. The lake was named by Colonel R. Bruce Ricketts in 1905 after Jean Holberton Ricketts, his eldest daughter. A new dam was created for it in the 1950s. In 2015, the lake was partially drained so that repair work could be done on the control tower of the Lake Jean Dam.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jean is stocked with trout and contains various species of warmwater game fish and panfish. The large tracts of forest in the lake&#39;s watershed are mainly deciduous, but there is some coniferous forest. The lake is listed on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory. Its main uses are recreation and fishing and it is one of the common destinations of visitors to Ricketts Glen State Park, in which it is located.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The main outflow of Lake Jean is an unnamed tributary of Kitchen Creek. The lake has a highly irregular shape. Its maximum length is 10,560 ft and its maximum width is 1,980 ft.</p><br>
<p>The largest inflow to Lake Jean is the outlet of Ganoga Lake, which is 0.4 mi northwest of Lake Jean. Drainage from a tract of wetland also flows into the lake. There are several coves and inlets on the lake, especially on its western side, where there are also some wetlands. The lake also has a few islands. The surrounding land rises to at most 90 ft above the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jean is relatively shallow, with an average depth of 5.9 ft. Some of the deepest parts of the lake are only 14 to 16 ft deep, though it can reach up to 19.5 ft in depth. The lake has an area of 245 acre and a volume of 486 million gallons.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jean is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Red Rock. The lake is located within Ricketts Glen State Park. It is in the northernmost part of the watershed of Fishing Creek.</p><br>
<p>The main rock formation in the watershed of Lake Jean is the Burgoon Sandstone, which contains interbedded gray shale, conglomerate, and mudstone. However, a small patch of the Mauch Chunk Formation occurs in the northern part of the watershed. The only soil in the watershed is the Wellsboro-Oquaga-Morris Association. However, the Lackawanna-Arnot-Morris Association occurs near the watershed&#39;s southwestern border.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jean is dammed by the earthen Lake Jean Dam, which is 26 ft high and 780 ft long. As of 1980, the dam and its eastern and western dikes can handle 73 percent of the probable maximum flood without overtopping.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jean has a beach with a length of 600 ft. It is open from late May to mid September.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Jean was historically rendered acidic by atmospheric deposition. In the summer of 1991, its pH was found to be 5.8, less than the minimum of 6.0 needed to attain its designated uses for aquatic life. The lake was listed as an impaired waterbody for this reason in 1996. By 2007, the pH had increased to 6.5 to 7.4, within Pennsylvania&#39;s criteria for pH. However, the lake is still impaired by mercury from atmospheric deposition.</p><br>
<p>The hydraulic retention time of water in Lake Jean is 0.6 years. The average discharge of the lake&#39;s outflow is 3.6 cubic feet per second.</p><br>
<p>The daily load of acidity at the outflow of Lake Jean is 194.0 lb. The total maximum daily load of acidity at this point is 34.2 lb. The lake&#39;s various inflows require an 87 to 97 percent reduction to meet their total maximum daily load requirements. In the 1970s, two measurements of water hardness in the lake were 5 and 8 milligrams per liter.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, two measurements of the concentration of hydrogen ions in Lake Jean ranged from 0.00020 to 0.00160 milligrams per liter. The dissolved oxygen concentration was 9.5 milligrams per liter and the carbon dioxide concentration ranged from 0.6 to 5.1 milligrams per liter. The concentration of organic carbon was 2.3 milligrams per liter. The concentration of bicarbonate was 2 milligrams per liter in two measurements. The nitrogen concentration was 0.33 milligrams per liter in one measurement and the concentration of organic nitrogen ranged from 0.13 to 0.37 milligrams per liter. The phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.010 to 0.020 milligrams per liter and the phosphate concentration was 0.031 milligrams per liter. The sulfate concentration ranged from 2.5 to 7.2 milligrams per liter. The fluoride concentration was twice measured to be 0.10 milligrams per liter and the chloride concentration ranged between 4.0 and 6.4 milligrams per liter. The concentration of silica ranged between 0 and 0.1 milligrams per liter.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, two measurements of the sodium concentration in filtered waters of Lake Jean ranged from 1.10 to 3.50 milligrams per liter. The potassium concentration was twice measured to be 0.60 milligrams per liter. The concentration of magnesium ranged between 0.40 and 0.60 milligrams per liter and the calcium concentration ranged between 1.00 and 2.40 milligrams per liter. Detectable amounts of nickel and cadmium were observed in the lake, but no chromium or copper was detected. The concentrations of both cobalt and lead were less than 2 micrograms per liter. The zinc concentration was once measured to be 20 micrograms per liter. The concentration of iron ranged from a detectable amount to 240 micrograms per liter and the manganese concentration ranged between a detectable amount and 70 milligrams per liter.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Lake Jean has an area of 1,998 acre (including the lake itself) and is located in eastern Sullivan County and western Luzerne County. Discounting the lake, the watershed has an area of 1,745 acre. Pennsylvania Route 487 passes through the lake&#39;s watershed in a north-south direction.</p><br>
<p>Discounting Lake Jean itself, a total of 1,414 acre (81.0 percent) of the watershed is forested land. 220 acre (12.6 percent) of the watershed contains fields and 82 acre (4.7 percent) consists of other lakes. The remaining 29 acre (1.7 percent) consists of wetlands.</p><br>
<h2>History and etymology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Jean was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1177996.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, the Pennsylvania Fish Commission declared Lake Jean unsuitable for fishing, as its fish population was unbalanced. Fishing in the lake was forbidden until 1961, as attempts were made to chemically reclaim the lake. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources added 106 tons of cement stack dust to the lake&#39;s frozen surface in the winter of 1959 for this purpose.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources began adding lime to Lake Jean to combat its acidity. Lime was added semi-annually (in the spring and fall) for a number of years, with 19 tons per year typically being added.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Jean Dam was constructed in the 1950s by the old Department of Forests and Waters. The dam was earthen and replaced an older dam. This operation combined Mud Pond with what was then Lake Jean to create the 245 acre lake that currently exists. While it has been maintained, various parts have deteriorated. In June 2015, the lake will be entirely drained to repair the dam&#39;s control tower. It will take about two weeks to drain the lake, though a stream of water will still flow through its deepest parts. In 2015, the project was expected to cost $800,000. Lake Jean was reopened in May 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Leak Jean is listed on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory.</p><br>
<p>Warmwater game fish and panfish inhabit Lake Jean. Specific fish in the lake include trout, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, crappie, bluegill, and pickerel. Additionally, pumpkinseed and yellow perch have been observed within the lake. It is stocked with trout.</p><br>
<p>Historically, Lake Jean had a low level of fish biodiversity due to its acidity. In 1985, seven species were observed in the lake. However, in 1997, eleven species were observed, and in 2007, twelve species were observed. Canada geese are also sometimes observed at the lake. At least 30 individuals of an invertebrate species of concern have been observed on the lake&#39;s shoreline. Species such as Aeshna clepsydra and Carterocephalus palaemon mandan have been observed in its vicinity.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jean used to experience a bladderwort infestation. At its most severe point, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources employees had to rake bladderwort off the lakes beaches on a daily basis. However, bladderwort populations have been reduced since the lake became less acidic, and the lakes plant biodiversity has increased. Most of the forests in the lakes watershed are deciduous forests. However, some areas of conifer forest are present, especially in the watersheds western part. Small waterwort and Sphinx gordius also inhabit the lake.</p><br>
<p>The shores of Lake Jean are lined with hardwood forests, hemlocks, pine trees, and sedges. As early as the early 1900s, virtually all of the forested land in the watershed was second-growth forest.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Lake Jean is mainly used for recreation and fishing.</p><br>
<p>According to The Times Leader, most of the 330,000 annual visitors to Ricketts Glen State Park visit Lake Jean. In 2014, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission temporarily lifted fishing restrictions in Lake Jean in preparation for the lake&#39;s draining.</p><br>
<p>Jeff Mitchells book Paddling Pennsylvania: Canoeing and Kayaking the Keystone States Rivers and Lakes describes Lake Jean as being "known for its beauty" and "one of the finest lakes for paddling in Pennsylvania".</p><br>
<p>The 0.8-mile-long Beach Trail at Ricketts Glen State Park goes along Lake Jean. There are ten modern cabins near the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Kittery Community Center is located in the former Frank C. Frisbee Elementary School at 120 Rogers Road in Kittery, Maine. The building, built in 1943 by the United States government as part of war-related expansions of Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 for this association. It served Kittery as a school until 2009, and was converted for use as a multi-function community center providing space for arts, culture, and recreational activities in 2011-12.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Kittery Community Center is located in the southern part of town on the east side of Rogers Road (Maine State Route 236) and west of an inlet of Spruce Creek, and accessed via Goodsoe Road. It is set amid the former schools athletic fields and surrounding woodlands, through which a trail network has been built. The building is a long multi-section structure, oriented northwest to southeast. The northernmost section, 23 bays long, is the oldest portion, built in 1941; it has a hip roof topped by cupola, and a slightly-projecting three-bay section at its center, where the original main entrance is located, framed by a pilastered and pedimented surround. Behind this block is the gymnasium/auditorium added in 1943, connected by what now serves as the Centers main entrance. South of this is the Annex built in 1951, which effectively doubled the school&#39;s size.</p><br>
<p>The Frisbee School was erected in 1941 under a contract issued by the federal War Public Works program. Because of World War II, the government was increasing work at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (located on islands today in southern Kittery in the Piscataqua River, then claimed by Portsmouth, New Hampshire), and built the school to meet the needs of the larger workforce employed there and housed at the new Admiralty Village development. It remained the property of the federal government until 1948, but was operated by the town as part of its school system. With the end of the Cold War, activity at the shipyard diminished, resulting in a general population decline in the area. The town closed the school in 2009, which underwent conversion to a community center in 2011-12.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Newspaper Office is a historic commercial complex in Delano, Minnesota, United States, comprising three adjacent buildings constructed 1883–1885. It served as the headquarters of the Delano Eagle newspaper and a print shop specializing in railroad and commercial printing, as well as bookbinding. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for having local significance in the theme of communication. It was nominated as the home of Delano&#39;s oldest business and a newspaper that had served the community continuously since its founding in 1872.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The three sections of the Eagle Newspaper Office are constructed of red brick in simplified Italianate style. The western section is the original, built in 1883. The eastern building was constructed in 1884 and the central in 1885.</p><br>
<p>The Faiz Mahal is a building in Khairpur, Sindh Province, Pakistan.</p><br>
<p>It was built in Khairpur Mirs in 1798 as the principal building serving as the sovereigns court for the royal palace complex of Talpur monarchs of the Khairpur dynasty. Originally it included the rulers chambers along with 16 waiting rooms for courtiers and guest rooms for royal guests alongside the durbar and dining halls. Additionally there was the Hathi Khana for the royal elephant and the horses stables where today there is a mango orchard.</p><br>
<p>At present, Faiz Palace serves as the home of the last Talpur monarch, H. H. Mir Ali Murad Khan Talpur II (born 1933), and his sons Prince Abbas Raza Talpur and Prince Mehdi Raza Talpur. After the original Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was abolished by the Chaudry Ghulam Mohummed/General Iskander Mirza dictatorships, Khairpur state was merged with Pakistani state in 1955 using threat of military invasion in violation of the agreement Mir Ali Murad had with the founder of Pakistan, Mohummed Ali Jinnah. Today the former sovereign is an environmentalist and has to his credit an extraordinary flora and fauna safe haven called the Mehrano reserve, famous for its black buck, and hog deer, which are now rare in Sindh.</p><br>
<p>The Paulino Outdoor Oven is a 20th-century version of a traditional hotnu, or outside oven, on the island of Guam. This oven is located on Quan family land on J. C. Santos Road, south of Santos Memorial Park in Piti. Although built out of modern materials, it follows a traditional form that has been in use on Guam since these ovens were introduced by the Spanish in the 17th century. It is a barrel-shaped structure about 2 m long, 1.68 m wide, and 1.37 m wide, rising to a height of 0.64 m. The base of the structure is either poured concrete or concrete blocks. The interior of the vault is made out of heat-resistant bricks, while the exterior is finished in concrete. When recorded in 2010, its main opening was damaged.</p><br>
<p>The oven was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Spaulding House is a historic house on Main Street in Norridgewock, Maine. Built about 1835 by one of the town&#39;s early settlers, it is a fine local example of Greek Revival executed in brick. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Spaulding House is set on the north side of Main Street, near Norridgewock&#39;s town center. It is a 1-1/2 story brick building, with a front-facing gable roof and a rear wood-frame ell, all set on a granite foundation. The south-facing front facade is three bays wide, with the entrance recessed in the right bay. Windows on the first floor are triple-hung sashes, with granite sills and lintels; there are also two windows at the attic level. On the sides of the house the windows are set in slightly-recessed panels, a feature more typically found on industrial construction. A shed-roof dormer is set on the east side of the roof. The ell includes two normal doors and a 20th-century garage door.</p><br>
<p>Otis Spaulding, one of Norridgewocks early white settlers, came to the area in 1815, and probably built what is now the ell of this house around that time. The main house dates to about 1835, and was held by Spauldings descendants until 1921.</p><br>
<p>The Frost Garrison and House are a cluster of colonial-era buildings on Garrison Drive in Eliot, Maine. Sited on Frost&#39;s Hill, the complex includes a c. 1778 house, and two structures, the oldest dating to 1735, constructed as strongholds against Native American attacks. The older one is the only known surviviving garrison built for the defense of a single family. The house is also the ancestral home of poet Robert Frost, who is known to have visited the area. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Frosts Hill is a rise of land just north of the uppermost reaches of the York River in far eastern Eliot. In colonial days this area was part of Kittery. The Frost property is located off Frosts Hill Road, now surrounded by a modern subdivision, and is accessed via Garrison Drive. The main house is a 2-1/2 wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, twin interior chimneys, and clapboard siding. The windows have simple molded surrounds, and the main entrance is flanked by pilasters and topped by an eight-light transom and a cornice. The interior has a center-hall plan, with original wide pine floors on the second floor, and walls finished in wainscoting and plaster. The plaster has been finished with finely-detailed stenciled artwork. This house was built about 1778.</p><br>
<p>To the north, just behind the house, stands a small wooden garrison structure measuring about 15 x. It is built out of hand-hewn timbers, and stands on its original foundation, despite having been relocated for some years to a site in Kittery Point. The wood is pine and oak, the ends of the beams are dovetailed together, with additional framing members that lock the structure together. Some of the beams have portholes through which defenders could fire, plugged with what are believed to be the original wooden plugs. Beyond this building stands a larger two-story garrison structure, also built out of massive hand-hewn timbers measuring as much as 18 x in cross-section. This structure&#39;s portholes exhibit evidence of military action, including holes likely gouged by arrows and musket balls. The upper floor is accessed via stairs that can be retracted, and has trapdoors through which defenders can fire into the ground floor in the event attackers gain access to it.</p><br>
<p>In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, southern Maine was repeatedly subjected to Native American attack, and many families living in remote areas built garrisons for security. Colonel John Frost built his house on Frost&#39;s Hill in 1733, and built the smaller garrison two years later. The larger garrison, built in 1738, was intended to shelter several area families, and the smaller building was eventually converted for use as a powder magazine. There is no documentary evidence concerning the attack that left the marks on the larger building. Both buildings were used as storage after the Native threat subsided.</p><br>
<p>This property remained in Frost family hands until the 20th century, and is the home of ancestors of poet Robert Frost. It is the only known assemblage of these types of family-built private garrison structures in the United States.</p><br>
